    /**
     * @class Array
     *
     * In JavaScript, the `Array` property of the global object is a constructor for
     * array instances.
     *
     * An array is a JavaScript object. Note that you shouldn't use it as an
     * associative array, use {@link Object} instead.
     *
     * # Creating an Array
     *
     * The following example creates an array, msgArray, with a length of 0, then assigns values to
     * msgArray[0] and msgArray[99], changing the length of the array to 100.
     *
     *     var msgArray = new Array();
     *     msgArray[0] = "Hello";
     *     msgArray[99] = "world";
     *
     *     if (msgArray.length == 100)
     *     print("The length is 100.");
     *
     * # Creating a Two-dimensional Array
     *
     * The following creates chess board as a two dimensional array of strings. The first move is made by
     * copying the 'P' in 6,4 to 4,4. The position 4,4 is left blank.
     *
     *     var board =
     *     [ ['R','N','B','Q','K','B','N','R'],
     *     ['P','P','P','P','P','P','P','P'],
     *     [' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' '],
     *     [' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' '],
     *     [' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' '],
     *     [' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' ',' '],
     *     ['p','p','p','p','p','p','p','p'],
     *     ['r','n','b','q','k','b','n','r']];
     *     print(board.join('\n') + '\n\n');
     *
     *     // Move King's Pawn forward 2
     *     board[4][4] = board[6][4];
     *     board[6][4] = ' ';
     *     print(board.join('\n'));
     *
     * Here is the output:
     *
     *     R,N,B,Q,K,B,N,R
     *     P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P
     *      , , , , , , ,
     *      , , , , , , ,
     *      , , , , , , ,
     *      , , , , , , ,
     *     p,p,p,p,p,p,p,p
     *     r,n,b,q,k,b,n,r
     *
     *     R,N,B,Q,K,B,N,R
     *     P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P
     *      , , , , , , ,
     *      , , , , , , ,
     *      , , , ,p, , ,
     *      , , , , , , ,
     *     p,p,p,p, ,p,p,p
     *     r,n,b,q,k,b,n,r
     *
     * # Accessing array elements
     *
     * Array elements are nothing less than object properties, so they are accessed as such.
     *
     *     var myArray = new Array("Wind", "Rain", "Fire");
     *     myArray[0]; // "Wind"
     *     myArray[1]; // "Rain"
     *     // etc.
     *     myArray.length; // 3
     *
     *     // Even if indices are properties, the following notation throws a syntax error
     *     myArray.2;
     *
     *     // It should be noted that in JavaScript, object property names are strings. Consequently,
     *     myArray[0] === myArray["0"];
     *     myArray[1] === myArray["1"];
     *     // etc.
     *
     *     // However, this should be considered carefully
     *     myArray[02]; // "Fire". The number 02 is converted as the "2" string
     *     myArray["02"]; // undefined. There is no property named "02"
     *
     * # Relationship between length and numerical properties
     *
     * An array's length property and numerical properties are connected. Here is some
     * code explaining how this relationship works.
     *
     *     var a = [];
     *
     *     a[0] = 'a';
     *     console.log(a[0]); // 'a'
     *     console.log(a.length); // 1
     *
     *     a[1] = 32;
     *     console.log(a[1]); // 32
     *     console.log(a.length); // 2
     *
     *     a[13] = 12345;
     *     console.log(a[13]); // 12345
     *     console.log(a.length); // 14
     *
     *     a.length = 10;
     *     console.log(a[13]); // undefined, when reducing the length elements after length+1 are removed
     *     console.log(a.length); // 10
     *
     * # Creating an array using the result of a match
     *
     * The result of a match between a regular expression and a string can create an array.
     * This array has properties and elements that provide information about the match. An
     * array is the return value of RegExp.exec, String.match, and String.replace. To help
     * explain these properties and elements, look at the following example and then refer
     * to the table below:
     *
     *     // Match one d followed by one or more b's followed by one d
     *     // Remember matched b's and the following d
     *     // Ignore case
     *
     *     var myRe = /d(b+)(d)/i;
     *     var myArray = myRe.exec("cdbBdbsbz");
     *
     * The properties and elements returned from this match are as follows:
     *
     *
     * | Property/Element | Description                                                                           | Example
     * |:-----------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------
     * | `input`          | A read-only property that reflects the original string against which the              | cdbBdbsbz
     * |                  | regular expression was matched.                                                       |
     * | `index`          | A read-only property that is the zero-based index of the match in the string.         | 1
     * | `[0]`            | A read-only element that specifies the last matched characters.                       | dbBd
     * | `[1], ...[n]`    | Read-only elements that specify the parenthesized substring matches, if included in   | [1]: bB [2]: d
     * |                  | the regular expression. The number of possible parenthesized substrings is unlimited. |
     *
     * <div class="notice">
     * Documentation for this class comes from <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array">MDN</a>
     * and is available under <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/">Creative Commons: Attribution-Sharealike license</a>.
     * </div>
     *
     */

    /**
     * @method constructor
     * Creates new Array object.
     *
     * @param {Number/Object...} items Either a number that specifies the length of array or any number of items
     * for the array.
     */

    // Properties

    /**
     * @property {Number} length
     * Reflects the number of elements in an array.
     *
     * The value of the `length` property is an integer with a positive sign and a value less than 2 to the 32
     * power (232).
     *
     * You can set the `length` property to truncate an array at any time. When you extend an array by changing
     * its `length` property, the number of actual elements does not increase; for example, if you set `length`
     * to 3 when it is currently 2, the array still contains only 2 elements.
     *
     * In the following example the array numbers is iterated through by looking at the `length` property to see
     * how many elements it has. Each value is then doubled.
     *
     *     var numbers = [1,2,3,4,5];
     *     for (var i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
     *         numbers[i] *= 2;
     *     }
     *     // numbers is now [2,4,6,8,10];
     *
     * The following example shortens the array `statesUS` to a length of 50 if the current `length` is greater
     * than 50.
     *
     *     if (statesUS.length > 50) {
     *         statesUS.length=50
     *     }
     */

    // Mutator methods. These methods modify the array:

    /**
     * @method pop
     * The pop method removes the last element from an array and returns that value to the caller.
     *
     * `pop` is intentionally generic; this method can be called or applied to objects resembling
     * arrays. Objects which do not contain a length property reflecting the last in a series of
     * consecutive, zero-based numerical properties may not behave in any meaningful manner.
     *
     *     var myFish = ["angel", "clown", "mandarin", "surgeon"];
     *     var popped = myFish.pop();
     *     alert(popped); // Alerts 'surgeon'
     *
     * @return {Object} The last element in the array
     */

    /**
     * @method push
     * Adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length of the array.
     *
     * `push` is intentionally generic. This method can be called or applied to objects resembling
     * arrays. The push method relies on a length property to determine where to start inserting
     * the given values. If the length property cannot be converted into a number, the index used
     * is 0. This includes the possibility of length being nonexistent, in which case length will
     * also be created.
     *
     * The only native, array-like objects are strings, although they are not suitable in
     * applications of this method, as strings are immutable.
     *
     * ### Adding elements to an array
     *
     * The following code creates the sports array containing two elements, then appends two elements
     * to it. After the code executes, sports contains 4 elements: "soccer", "baseball", "football"
     * and "swimming".
     *
     *     var sports = ["soccer", "baseball"];
     *     sports.push("football", "swimming");
     *
     * @param {Object...} elements The elements to add to the end of the array.
     * @return {Number} The new length property of the object upon which the method was called.
     */

    /**
     * @method reverse
     * Reverses the order of the elements of an array -- the first becomes the last, and the
     * last becomes the first.
     *
     * The reverse method transposes the elements of the calling array object in place, mutating the
     * array, and returning a reference to the array.
     *
     * The following example creates an array myArray, containing three elements, then reverses the array.
     *
     *     var myArray = ["one", "two", "three"];
     *     myArray.reverse();
     *
     * This code changes myArray so that:
     *
     *  - myArray[0] is "three"
     *  - myArray[1] is "two"
     *  - myArray[2] is "one"
     *
     * @return {Array} A reference to the array
     */

    /**
     * @method shift
     * Removes the first element from an array and returns that element.
     *
     * The `shift` method removes the element at the zeroeth index and shifts the values at consecutive
     * indexes down, then returns the removed value.
     *
     * `shift` is intentionally generic; this method can be called or applied to objects resembling
     * arrays. Objects which do not contain a `length` property reflecting the last in a series of
     * consecutive, zero-based numerical properties may not behave in any meaningful manner.
     *
     * The following code displays the `myFish` array before and after removing its first element. It also
     * displays the removed element:
     *
     *     // assumes a println function is defined
     *     var myFish = ["angel", "clown", "mandarin", "surgeon"];
     *     println("myFish before: " + myFish);
     *     var shifted = myFish.shift();
     *     println("myFish after: " + myFish);
     *     println("Removed this element: " + shifted);
     *
     * This example displays the following:
     *
     *     myFish before: angel,clown,mandarin,surgeon
     *     myFish after: clown,mandarin,surgeon
     *     Removed this element: angel
     *
     * @return {Object} The first element of the array prior to shifting.
     */

    /**
     * @method sort
     * Sorts the elements of an array.
     *
     * If `compareFunction` is not supplied, elements are sorted by converting them to strings and
     * comparing strings in lexicographic ("dictionary" or "telephone book," not numerical) order. For
     * example, "80" comes before "9" in lexicographic order, but in a numeric sort 9 comes before 80.
     *
     * If `compareFunction` is supplied, the array elements are sorted according to the return value of
     * the compare function. If a and b are two elements being compared, then:
     * If `compareFunction(a, b)` is less than 0, sort `a` to a lower index than `b`.
     * If `compareFunction(a, b)` returns 0, leave `a` and `b` unchanged with respect to each other, but
     * sorted with respect to all different elements. Note: the ECMAscript standard does not guarantee
     * this behaviour, and thus not all browsers respect this.
     * If `compareFunction(a, b)` is greater than 0, sort `b` to a lower index than `a`.
     * `compareFunction(a, b)` must always returns the same value when given a specific pair of elements a
     * and b as its two arguments. If inconsistent results are returned then the sort order is undefined
     *
     * So, the compare function has the following form:
     *
     *     function compare(a, b)
     *     {
     *         if (a is less than b by some ordering criterion)
     *             return -1;
     *         if (a is greater than b by the ordering criterion)
     *            return 1;
     *         // a must be equal to b
     *         return 0;
     *     }
     *
     * To compare numbers instead of strings, the compare function can simply subtract `b` from `a`:
     *
     *     function compareNumbers(a, b)
     *     {
     *     return a - b;
     *     }
     *
     * The sort() method can be conveniently used with closures:
     *
     *     var numbers = [4, 2, 5, 1, 3];
     *     numbers.sort(function(a, b) {
     *         return a - b;
     *     });
     *     print(numbers);
     *
     * @param {Function} compareFunction Specifies a function that defines the sort order. If omitted, the
     * array is sorted lexicographically (in dictionary order) according to the string conversion of each
     * element.
     * @return {Array} A reference to the array
     */

    /**
     * @method splice
     * Adds and/or removes elements from an array.
     *
     * If you specify a different number of elements to insert than the number you're removing, the array
     * will have a different length at the end of the call.
     *
     *     // assumes a print function is defined
     *     var myFish = ["angel", "clown", "mandarin", "surgeon"];
     *     print("myFish: " + myFish);
     *
     *     var removed = myFish.splice(2, 0, "drum");
     *     print("After adding 1: " + myFish);
     *     print("removed is: " + removed);
     *
     *     removed = myFish.splice(3, 1);
     *     print("After removing 1: " + myFish);
     *     print("removed is: " + removed);
     *
     *     removed = myFish.splice(2, 1, "trumpet");
     *     print("After replacing 1: " + myFish);
     *     print("removed is: " + removed);
     *
     *     removed = myFish.splice(0, 2, "parrot", "anemone", "blue");
     *     print("After replacing 2: " + myFish);
     *     print("removed is: " + removed);
     *
     * This script displays:
     *
     *     myFish: angel,clown,mandarin,surgeon
     *     After adding 1: angel,clown,drum,mandarin,surgeon
     *     removed is:
     *     After removing 1: angel,clown,drum,surgeon
     *     removed is: mandarin
     *     After replacing 1: angel,clown,trumpet,surgeon
     *     removed is: drum
     *     After replacing 2: parrot,anemone,blue,trumpet,surgeon
     *     removed is: angel,clown
     *
     * @param {Number} index Index at which to start changing the array. If negative, will begin that
     * many elements from the end.
     * @param {Number} howMany An integer indicating the number of old array elements to remove. If
     * `howMany` is 0, no elements are removed. In this case, you should specify at least one new element.
     * If no `howMany` parameter is specified all elements after index are removed.
     * @param {Object...} elements The elements to add to the array. If you don't specify any
     * elements, `splice` simply removes elements from the array.
     * @return {Array} An array containing the removed elements. If only one element is removed, an array
     * of one element is returned..
     */

    /**
     * @method unshift
     * Adds one or more elements to the front of an array and returns the new length of the array.
     *
     * The `unshift` method inserts the given values to the beginning of an array-like object.
     *
     * `unshift` is intentionally generic; this method can be called or applied to objects resembling
     * arrays. Objects which do not contain a `length` property reflecting the last in a series of
     * consecutive, zero-based numerical properties may not behave in any meaningful manner.
     *
     * The following code displays the myFish array before and after adding elements to it.
     *
     *     // assumes a println function exists
     *     myFish = ["angel", "clown"];
     *     println("myFish before: " + myFish);
     *     unshifted = myFish.unshift("drum", "lion");
     *     println("myFish after: " + myFish);
     *     println("New length: " + unshifted);
     *
     * This example displays the following:
     *
     *     myFish before: ["angel", "clown"]
     *     myFish after: ["drum", "lion", "angel", "clown"]
     *     New length: 4
     *
     * @param {Object...} elements The elements to add to the front of the array.
     * @return {Number} The array's new length.
     */

    // Accessor methods. These methods do not modify the array and return some representation of the array.

    /**
     * @method concat
     * Returns a new array comprised of this array joined with other array(s) and/or value(s).
     *
     * `concat` creates a new array consisting of the elements in the `this` object on which it is called,
     * followed in order by, for each argument, the elements of that argument (if the argument is an
     * array) or the argument itself (if the argument is not an array).
     *
     * `concat` does not alter `this` or any of the arrays provided as arguments but instead returns a
     * "one level deep" copy that contains copies of the same elements combined from the original arrays.
     * Elements of the original arrays are copied into the new array as follows:
     * Object references (and not the actual object): `concat` copies object references into the new
     * array. Both the original and new array refer to the same object. That is, if a referenced object is
     * modified, the changes are visible to both the new and original arrays.
     * Strings and numbers (not {@link String} and {@link Number} objects): `concat` copies the values of
     * strings and numbers into the new array.
     *
     * Any operation on the new array will have no effect on the original arrays, and vice versa.
     *
     * ### Concatenating two arrays
     *
     * The following code concatenates two arrays:
     *
     *     var alpha = ["a", "b", "c"];
     *     var numeric = [1, 2, 3];
     *
     *     // creates array ["a", "b", "c", 1, 2, 3]; alpha and numeric are unchanged
     *     var alphaNumeric = alpha.concat(numeric);
     *
     * ### Concatenating three arrays
     *
     * The following code concatenates three arrays:
     *
     *     var num1 = [1, 2, 3];
     *     var num2 = [4, 5, 6];
     *     var num3 = [7, 8, 9];
     *
     *     // creates array [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]; num1, num2, num3 are unchanged
     *     var nums = num1.concat(num2, num3);
     *
     * ### Concatenating values to an array
     *
     * The following code concatenates three values to an array:
     *
     *     var alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c'];
     *
     *     // creates array ["a", "b", "c", 1, 2, 3], leaving alpha unchanged
     *     var alphaNumeric = alpha.concat(1, [2, 3]);
     *
     * @param {Object...} values Arrays and/or values to concatenate to the resulting array.
     * @return {Array} New array.
     */

    /**
     * @method join
     * Joins all elements of an array into a string.
     *
     * The string conversions of all array elements are joined into one string.
     *
     * The following example creates an array, `a`, with three elements, then joins the array three times:
     * using the default separator, then a comma and a space, and then a plus.
     *
     *     var a = new Array("Wind","Rain","Fire");
     *     var myVar1 = a.join();      // assigns "Wind,Rain,Fire" to myVar1
     *     var myVar2 = a.join(", ");  // assigns "Wind, Rain, Fire" to myVar2
     *     var myVar3 = a.join(" + "); // assigns "Wind + Rain + Fire" to myVar3
     *
     * @param {String} separator Specifies a string to separate each element of the array. The separator
     * is converted to a string if necessary. If omitted, the array elements are separated with a comma.
     * @return {String} A string of the array elements.
     */

    /**
     * @method slice
     * Extracts a section of an array and returns a new array.
     *
     * `slice` does not alter the original array, but returns a new "one level deep" copy that contains
     * copies of the elements sliced from the original array. Elements of the original array are copied
     * into the new array as follows:
     * *   For object references (and not the actual object), `slice` copies object references into the
     * new array. Both the original and new array refer to the same object. If a referenced object
     * changes, the changes are visible to both the new and original arrays.
     * *   For strings and numbers (not {@link String} and {@link Number} objects), `slice` copies strings
     * and numbers into the new array. Changes to the string or number in one array does not affect the
     * other array.
     *
     * If a new element is added to either array, the other array is not affected.
     *
     * ### Using slice
     *
     * In the following example, `slice` creates a new array, `newCar`, from `myCar`. Both include a
     * reference to the object `myHonda`. When the color of `myHonda` is changed to purple, both arrays
     * reflect the change.
     *
     *     // Using slice, create newCar from myCar.
     *     var myHonda = { color: "red", wheels: 4, engine: { cylinders: 4, size: 2.2 } };
     *     var myCar = [myHonda, 2, "cherry condition", "purchased 1997"];
     *     var newCar = myCar.slice(0, 2);
     *
     *     // Print the values of myCar, newCar, and the color of myHonda
     *     //  referenced from both arrays.
     *     print("myCar = " + myCar.toSource());
     *     print("newCar = " + newCar.toSource());
     *     print("myCar[0].color = " + myCar[0].color);
     *     print("newCar[0].color = " + newCar[0].color);
     *
     *     // Change the color of myHonda.
     *     myHonda.color = "purple";
     *     print("The new color of my Honda is " + myHonda.color);
     *
     *     // Print the color of myHonda referenced from both arrays.
     *     print("myCar[0].color = " + myCar[0].color);
     *     print("newCar[0].color = " + newCar[0].color);
     *
     * This script writes:
     *
     *     myCar = [{color:"red", wheels:4, engine:{cylinders:4, size:2.2}}, 2, "cherry condition",
     *     "purchased 1997"]
     *     newCar = [{color:"red", wheels:4, engine:{cylinders:4, size:2.2}}, 2]
     *     myCar[0].color = red
     *     newCar[0].color = red
     *     The new color of my Honda is purple
     *     myCar[0].color = purple
     *     newCar[0].color = purple
     *
     * @param {Number} begin Zero-based index at which to begin extraction.
     * As a negative index, `start` indicates an offset from the end of the sequence. `slice(-2)` extracts
     * the second-to-last element and the last element in the sequence
     * @param {Number} end Zero-based index at which to end extraction. `slice` extracts up to but not
     * including `end`.
     * `slice(1,4)` extracts the second element through the fourth element (elements indexed 1, 2, and 3).
     * As a negative index, end indicates an offset from the end of the sequence. `slice(2,-1)` extracts
     * the third element through the second-to-last element in the sequence.
     * If `end` is omitted, `slice` extracts to the end of the sequence.
     * @return {Array} Array from the new start position up to (but not including) the specified end position.
     */

    /**
     * @method toString
     * Returns a string representing the array and its elements. Overrides the `Object.prototype.toString`
     * method.
     *
     * The {@link Array} object overrides the `toString` method of {@link Object}. For Array objects, the
     * `toString` method joins the array and returns one string containing each array element separated by
     * commas. For example, the following code creates an array and uses `toString` to convert the array
     * to a string.
     *
     *     var monthNames = new Array("Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr");
     *     myVar = monthNames.toString(); // assigns "Jan,Feb,Mar,Apr" to myVar
     *
     * JavaScript calls the `toString` method automatically when an array is to be represented as a text
     * value or when an array is referred to in a string concatenation.
     *
     * @return {String} The array as a string.
     */

    // ECMAScript 5 methods

    /**
     * @method isArray
     * @static
     * Returns true if an object is an array, false if it is not.
     *
     *     // all following calls return true
     *     Array.isArray([]);
     *     Array.isArray([1]);
     *     Array.isArray( new Array() );
     *     Array.isArray( Array.prototype ); // Little known fact: Array.prototype itself is an array.
     *
     *     // all following calls return false
     *     Array.isArray();
     *     Array.isArray({});
     *     Array.isArray(null);
     *     Array.isArray(undefined);
     *     Array.isArray(17);
     *     Array.isArray("Array");
     *     Array.isArray(true);
     *     Array.isArray(false);
     *     Array.isArray({ __proto__ : Array.prototype });
     *
     * **NOTE:** This method is part of the ECMAScript 5 standard.
     *
     * @param {Mixed} obj The object to be checked.
     * @return {Boolean} True when Array.
     */

    /**
     * @method indexOf
     * Returns the first index at which a given element can be found in the array, or -1 if it is not present.
     *
     * `indexOf` compares `searchElement` to elements of the Array using strict equality (the same method used
     * by the `===`, or triple-equals, operator).
     *
     *     var array = [2, 5, 9];
     *     var index = array.indexOf(2);
     *     // index is 0
     *     index = array.indexOf(7);
     *     // index is -1
     *
     * **NOTE:** This method is part of the ECMAScript 5 standard.
     *
     * @param {Mixed} searchElement Element to locate in the array.
     * @param {Number} [fromIndex] The index at which to begin the search. Defaults to 0, i.e. the whole array
     * will be searched. If the index is greater than or equal to the length of the array, -1 is returned, i.e.
     * the array will not be searched. If negative, it is taken as the offset from the end of the array. Note
     * that even when the index is negative, the array is still searched from front to back. If the calculated
     * index is less than 0, the whole array will be searched.
     * @return {Number} The index of element found or -1.
     */

    /**
     * @method lastIndexOf
     * Returns the last index at which a given element can be found in the array, or -1 if it is not present.
     * The array is searched backwards, starting at `fromIndex`.
     *
     * `lastIndexOf` compares `searchElement` to elements of the Array using strict equality (the same method
     * used by the `===`, or triple-equals, operator).
     *
     *     var array = [2, 5, 9, 2];
     *     var index = array.lastIndexOf(2);
     *     // index is 3
     *     index = array.lastIndexOf(7);
     *     // index is -1
     *     index = array.lastIndexOf(2, 3);
     *     // index is 3
     *     index = array.lastIndexOf(2, 2);
     *     // index is 0
     *     index = array.lastIndexOf(2, -2);
     *     // index is 0
     *     index = array.lastIndexOf(2, -1);
     *     // index is 3
     *
     * **NOTE:** This method is part of the ECMAScript 5 standard.
     *
     * @param {Mixed} searchElement Element to locate in the array.
     * @param {Number} [fromIndex] The index at which to start searching backwards. Defaults to the array's
     * length, i.e. the whole array will be searched. If the index is greater than or equal to the length of
     * the array, the whole array will be searched. If negative, it is taken as the offset from the end of the
     * array. Note that even when the index is negative, the array is still searched from back to front. If
     * the calculated index is less than 0, -1 is returned, i.e. the array will not be searched.
     * @return {Number} The index of element found or -1.
     */

    /**
     * @method forEach
     * Executes a provided function once per array element.
     *
     * `forEach` executes the provided function (`callback`) once for each element present in the array. `callback`
     * is invoked only for indexes of the array which have assigned values; it is not invoked for indexes which
     * have been deleted or which have never been assigned values.
     *
     * If a `thisArg` parameter is provided to `forEach`, it will be used as the `this` value for each `callback`
     * invocation as if `callback.call(thisArg, element, index, array)` was called. If `thisArg` is `undefined` or
     * `null`, the `this` value within the function depends on whether the function is in strict mode or not
     * (passed value if in strict mode, global object if in non-strict mode).
     *
     * The `range` of elements processed by `forEach` is set before the first invocation of `callback`. Elements
     * which are appended to the array after the call to `forEach` begins will not be visited by `callback`. If
     * existing elements of the array are changed, or deleted, their value as passed to callback will be the
     * value at the time `forEach` visits them; elements that are deleted are not visited.
     *
     * The following code logs a line for each element in an array:
     *
     *     function logArrayElements(element, index, array) {
     *         console.log("a[" + index + "] = " + element);
     *     }
     *     [2, 5, 9].forEach(logArrayElements);
     *     // logs:
     *     // a[0] = 2
     *     // a[1] = 5
     *     // a[2] = 9
     *
     * **NOTE:** This method is part of the ECMAScript 5 standard.
     *
     * @param {Function} callback Function to execute for each element.
     * @param {Mixed} callback.value The element value.
     * @param {Number} callback.index The element index.
     * @param {Array} callback.array The array being traversed.
     * @param {Object} [thisArg] Object to use as `this` when executing `callback`.
     */

    /**
     * @method every
     * Tests whether all elements in the array pass the test implemented
     * by the provided function.
     *
     * `every` executes the provided `callback` function once for each element
     * present in the array until it finds one where `callback` returns a
     * false value. If such an element is found, the `every` method
     * immediately returns false. Otherwise, if `callback` returned a true
     * value for all elements, `every` will return true. `callback` is invoked
     * only for indexes of the array which have assigned values; it is not
     * invoked for indexes which have been deleted or which have never
     * been assigned values.
     *
     * If a `thisObject` parameter is provided to `every`, it will be used as
     * the `this` for each invocation of the callback. If it is not
     * provided, or is `null`, the global object associated with callback is
     * used instead.
     *
     * `every` does not mutate the array on which it is called.
     *
     * The range of elements processed by `every` is set before the first
     * invocation of callback. Elements which are appended to the array
     * after the call to every begins will not be visited by `callback`. If
     * existing elements of the array are changed, their value as passed
     * to `callback` will be the value at the time `every` visits them;
     * elements that are deleted are not visited.
     *
     * `every` acts like the "for all" quantifier in mathematics. In
     * particular, for an empty array, it returns true. (It is vacuously
     * true that all elements of the empty set satisfy any given
     * condition.)
     *
     * The following example tests whether all elements in the array are
     * bigger than 10.
     *
     *     function isBigEnough(element, index, array) {
     *       return (element >= 10);
     *     }
     *     var passed = [12, 5, 8, 130, 44].every(isBigEnough);
     *     // passed is false
     *     passed = [12, 54, 18, 130, 44].every(isBigEnough);
     *     // passed is true
     *
     * **NOTE:** This method is part of the ECMAScript 5 standard.
     *
     * @param {Function} callback Function to test for each element.
     * @param {Mixed} callback.value The element value.
     * @param {Number} callback.index The element index.
     * @param {Array} callback.array The array being traversed.
     * @param {Boolean} callback.return Should return true when element passes the test.
     * @param {Object} [thisObject] Object to use as `this` when executing `callback`.
     * @return {Boolean} True when all elements pass the test.
     */

    /**
     * @method some
     * Tests whether some element in the array passes the test implemented
     * by the provided function.
     *
     * `some` executes the `callback` function once for each element
     * present in the array until it finds one where `callback` returns a
     * true value. If such an element is found, some immediately returns
     * true. Otherwise, some returns false. `callback` is invoked only for
     * indexes of the array which have assigned values; it is not invoked
     * for indexes which have been deleted or which have never been
     * assigned values.
     *
     * If a `thisObject` parameter is provided to some, it will be used as
     * the `this` for each invocation of the `callback`. If it is not
     * provided, or is `null`, the global object associated with callback is
     * used instead.
     *
     * `some` does not mutate the array on which it is called.
     *
     * The range of elements processed by `some` is set before the first
     * invocation of callback. Elements that are appended to the array
     * after the call to some begins will not be visited by `callback`. If
     * an existing, unvisited element of the array is changed by `callback`,
     * its value passed to the visiting callback will be the value at the
     * time that `some` visits that element's index; elements that are
     * deleted are not visited.
     *
     * The following example tests whether some element in the array is
     * bigger than 10.
     *
     *     function isBigEnough(element, index, array) {
     *       return (element >= 10);
     *     }
     *     var passed = [2, 5, 8, 1, 4].some(isBigEnough);
     *     // passed is false
     *     passed = [12, 5, 8, 1, 4].some(isBigEnough);
     *     // passed is true
     *
     * **NOTE:** This method is part of the ECMAScript 5 standard.
     *
     * @param {Function} callback Function to test for each element.
     * @param {Mixed} callback.value The element value.
     * @param {Number} callback.index The element index.
     * @param {Array} callback.array The array being traversed.
     * @param {Boolean} callback.return Should return true when element passes the test.
     * @param {Object} [thisObject] Object to use as `this` when executing `callback`.
     * @return {Boolean} True when at least one element passes the test.
     */

    /**
     * @method filter
     * Creates a new array with all elements that pass the test
     * implemented by the provided function.
     *
     * `filter` calls a provided `callback` function once for each element in
     * an array, and constructs a new array of all the values for which
     * `callback` returns a true value. `callback` is invoked only for indexes
     * of the array which have assigned values; it is not invoked for
     * indexes which have been deleted or which have never been assigned
     * values. Array elements which do not pass the `callback` test are
     * simply skipped, and are not included in the new array.
     *
     * If a `thisObject` parameter is provided to `filter`, it will be
     * used as the `this` for each invocation of the `callback`. If it is not
     * provided, or is `null`, the global object associated with callback is
     * used instead.
     *
     * `filter` does not mutate the array on which it is called.
     *
     * The range of elements processed by `filter` is set before the first
     * invocation of `callback`. Elements which are appended to the array
     * after the call to `filter` begins will not be visited by `callback`. If
     * existing elements of the array are changed, or deleted, their value
     * as passed to `callback` will be the value at the time `filter` visits
     * them; elements that are deleted are not visited.
     *
     * The following example uses filter to create a filtered array that
     * has all elements with values less than 10 removed.
     *
     *     function isBigEnough(element, index, array) {
     *       return (element >= 10);
     *     }
     *     var filtered = [12, 5, 8, 130, 44].filter(isBigEnough);
     *     // filtered is [12, 130, 44]
     *
     * **NOTE:** This method is part of the ECMAScript 5 standard.
     *
     * @param {Function} callback Function to test for each element.
     * @param {Mixed} callback.value The element value.
     * @param {Number} callback.index The element index.
     * @param {Array} callback.array The array being traversed.
     * @param {Boolean} callback.return Should return true when element passes the test.
     * @param {Object} [thisObject] Object to use as `this` when executing `callback`.
     * @return {Array} Array of elements that passed the test.
     */

    /**
     * @method map
     * Creates a new array with the results of calling a provided function
     * on every element in this array.
     *
     * `map` calls a provided `callback` function once for each element in
     * an array, in order, and constructs a new array from the
     * results. `callback` is invoked only for indexes of the array which
     * have assigned values; it is not invoked for indexes which have been
     * deleted or which have never been assigned values.
     *
     * If a `thisArg` parameter is provided to map, it will be used as the
     * `this` for each invocation of the `callback`. If it is not provided, or
     * is `null`, the global object associated with callback is used
     * instead.
     *
     * `map` does not mutate the array on which it is called.
     *
     * The range of elements processed by `map` is set before the first
     * invocation of `callback`. Elements which are appended to the array
     * after the call to `map` begins will not be visited by `callback`. If
     * existing elements of the array are changed, or deleted, their value
     * as passed to `callback` will be the value at the time `map` visits
     * them; elements that are deleted are not visited.
     *
     * The following code creates an array of "plural" forms of nouns from
     * an array of their singular forms.
     *
     *     function fuzzyPlural(single) {
     *       var result = single.replace(/o/g, 'e');
     *       if( single === 'kangaroo'){
     *         result += 'se';
     *       }
     *       return result;
     *     }
     *
     *     var words = ["foot", "goose", "moose", "kangaroo"];
     *     console.log(words.map(fuzzyPlural));
     *
     *     // ["feet", "geese", "meese", "kangareese"]
     *
     * The following code takes an array of numbers and creates a new
     * array containing the square roots of the numbers in the first
     * array.
     *
     *     var numbers = [1, 4, 9];
     *     var roots = numbers.map(Math.sqrt);
     *     // roots is now [1, 2, 3], numbers is still [1, 4, 9]
     *
     * **NOTE:** This method is part of the ECMAScript 5 standard.
     *
     * @param {Function} callback Function that produces an element of the new Array
     * from an element of the current one.
     * @param {Mixed} callback.value The element value.
     * @param {Number} callback.index The element index.
     * @param {Array} callback.array The array being traversed.
     * @param {Boolean} callback.return Should return true when element passes the test.
     * @param {Object} [thisObject] Object to use as `this` when executing `callback`.
     * @return {Array} Array of the return values of `callback` function.
     */

    /**
     * @method reduce
     * Applies a function against an accumulator and each value of the
     * array (from left-to-right) as to reduce it to a single value.
     *
     * `reduce` executes the `callback` function once for each element
     * present in the array, excluding holes in the array.
     *
     * The first time the `callback` is called, `previousValue` and
     * `currentValue` can be one of two values. If `initialValue` is
     * provided in the call to `reduce`, then `previousValue` will be equal to
     * `initialValue` and `currentValue` will be equal to the first value in
     * the array. If no `initialValue` was provided, then `previousValue` will
     * be equal to the first value in the array and `currentValue` will be
     * equal to the second.
     *
     * Suppose the following use of reduce occurred:
     *
     *     [0,1,2,3,4].reduce(function(previousValue, currentValue, index, array){
     *       return previousValue + currentValue;
     *     });
     *
     * The callback would be invoked four times, with the arguments and
     * return values in each call being as follows:
     *
     * |             | previousValue | currentValue | index | array       | return value
     * |:------------|:--------------|:-------------|:------|:------------|:------------
     * | first call  | 0             | 1            | 1     | [0,1,2,3,4] | 1
     * | second call | 1             | 2            | 2     | [0,1,2,3,4] | 3
     * | third call  | 3             | 3            | 3     | [0,1,2,3,4] | 6
     * | fourth call | 6             | 4            | 4     | [0,1,2,3,4] | 10
     *
     * The value returned by `reduce` would be that of the last callback
     * invocation (10).
     *
     * If you were to provide an initial value as the second argument to
     * reduce, the result would look like this:
     *
     *     [0,1,2,3,4].reduce(function(previousValue, currentValue, index, array){
     *       return previousValue + currentValue;
     *     }, 10);
     *
     * |             | previousValue | currentValue | index | array       | return value
     * |:------------|:--------------|:-------------|:------|:------------|:------------
     * | first call  | 10            | 0            | 0     | [0,1,2,3,4] | 10
     * | second call | 10            | 1            | 1     | [0,1,2,3,4] | 11
     * | third call  | 11            | 2            | 2     | [0,1,2,3,4] | 13
     * | fourth call | 13            | 3            | 3     | [0,1,2,3,4] | 16
     * | fifth call  | 16            | 4            | 4     | [0,1,2,3,4] | 20
     *
     * The value returned by `reduce` this time would be, of course, 20.
     *
     * Example: Sum up all values within an array:
     *
     *     var total = [0, 1, 2, 3].reduce(function(a, b) {
     *         return a + b;
     *     });
     *     // total == 6
     *
     * Example: Flatten an array of arrays:
     *
     *     var flattened = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]].reduce(function(a, b) {
     *         return a.concat(b);
     *     });
     *     // flattened is [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
     *
     * **NOTE:** This method is part of the ECMAScript 5 standard.
     *
     * @param {Function} callback Function to execute on each value in the array.
     * @param {Mixed} callback.previousValue The value previously returned in the last
     * invocation of the `callback`, or `initialValue`, if supplied.
     * @param {Mixed} callback.currentValue The current element being processed in the array.
     * @param {Number} callback.index The index of the current element being processed in the array.
     * @param {Array} callback.array The array `reduce` was called upon.
     * @param {Mixed} [initialValue] Object to use as the first argument to the first call
     * of the `callback`.
     * @return {Mixed} The value returned by final invocation of the `callback`.
     */

    /**
     * @method reduceRight
     * Applies a function simultaneously against two values of the array
     * (from right-to-left) as to reduce it to a single value.
     *
     * `reduceRight` executes the `callback` function once for each
     * element present in the array, excluding holes in the array.
     *
     * The first time the `callback` is called, `previousValue` and
     * `currentValue` can be one of two values. If `initialValue` is
     * provided in the call to `reduceRight`, then `previousValue` will be equal to
     * `initialValue` and `currentValue` will be equal to the last value in
     * the array. If no `initialValue` was provided, then `previousValue` will
     * be equal to the last value in the array and `currentValue` will be
     * equal to the second-to-last value.
     *
     * Some example run-throughs of the function would look like this:
     *
     *     [0, 1, 2, 3, 4].reduceRight(function(previousValue, currentValue, index, array) {
     *         return previousValue + currentValue;
     *     });
     *
     *     // First call
     *     previousValue = 4, currentValue = 3, index = 3
     *
     *     // Second call
     *     previousValue = 7, currentValue = 2, index = 2
     *
     *     // Third call
     *     previousValue = 9, currentValue = 1, index = 1
     *
     *     // Fourth call
     *     previousValue = 10, currentValue = 0, index = 0
     *
     *     // array is always the object [0,1,2,3,4] upon which reduceRight was called
     *
     *     // Return Value: 10
     *
     * And if you were to provide an initialValue, the result would look like this:
     *
     *     [0, 1, 2, 3, 4].reduceRight(function(previousValue, currentValue, index, array) {
     *         return previousValue + currentValue;
     *     }, 10);
     *
     *     // First call
     *     previousValue = 10, currentValue = 4, index = 4
     *
     *     // Second call
     *     previousValue = 14, currentValue = 3, index = 3
     *
     *     // Third call
     *     previousValue = 17, currentValue = 2, index = 2
     *
     *     // Fourth call
     *     previousValue = 19, currentValue = 1, index = 1
     *
     *     // Fifth call
     *     previousValue = 20, currentValue = 0, index = 0
     *
     *     // array is always the object [0,1,2,3,4] upon which reduceRight was called
     *
     *     // Return Value: 20
     *
     * **NOTE:** This method is part of the ECMAScript 5 standard.
     *
     * @param {Function} callback Function to execute on each value in the array.
     * @param {Mixed} callback.previousValue The value previously returned in the last
     * invocation of the `callback`, or `initialValue`, if supplied.
     * @param {Mixed} callback.currentValue The current element being processed in the array.
     * @param {Number} callback.index The index of the current element being processed in the array.
     * @param {Array} callback.array The array `reduceRight` was called upon.
     * @param {Mixed} [initialValue] Object to use as the first argument to the first call
     * of the `callback`.
     * @return {Mixed} The value returned by final invocation of the `callback`.
     */